Reliability and Validity

The TOEFL research program ensures test score reliability and validity by following established guidelines for developing and implementing educational assessments. It also conducts research on claims and inferences based on TOEFL test scores.

TOEFL iBT® Technical Manual

Describes the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the design, scoring, and administration of the updated TOEFL iBT (2026).

Read More

Design Framework for the TOEFL® Essentials™ Test 2021

Describes the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the design, scoring, and administration of the TOEFL Essentials test.

Read More

Design Framework for the TOEFL® Essentials™ Test 2021

The Effects of Extended Planning Time on Candidates' Performance, Processes, and Strategy Use in the Lecture Listening-Into-Speaking Tasks of the TOEFL iBT® Test

Investigates the effects of two different planning time conditions (20 and 90 seconds) for the lecture listening-into-speaking tasks of the TOEFL iBT® test for candidates at different proficiency levels.

Read More

The Effects of Extended Planning Time on Candidates' Performance, Processes, and Strategy Use in the Lecture Listening-Into-Speaking Tasks of the TOEFL iBT® Test

An Investigation of the Predictive Validity of the TOEFL iBT® Test at an English-Medium University in Turkey

Investigates the relationship of TOEFL iBT® test scores and measures of academic performance including an institutional English proficiency exam, grade point average (GPAs) for content and English for academic purposes (EAP), and language instructor evaluations of students’ EAP performance.

Read More

An Investigation of the Predictive Validity of the TOEFL iBT® Test at an English-Medium University in Turkey

Investigating the Predictive Validity of TOEFL iBT® Test Scores and Their Use in Informing Policy in a United Kingdom University Setting

Examines the predictive validity of the TOEFL iBT® test with a focus on the relationship between TOEFL iBT scores and students' subsequent academic success in postgraduate studies in one leading university in the United Kingdom.

Read More